![]() ![]() These fatigue and fracture standards are useful to manufacturers and other users concerned with such materials in understanding their failure and stability mechanisms. Type II fractures occur at the odontoid base (dotted yellow line), while type. In addition to fracture toughness and strain gradient, these standards also present the procedures for determining K-R curves, stress-life and strain-life fatigue data, threshold stress intensity factors, and reference temperatures. Type I fractures involve avulsion off the tip of the odontoid (solid green line). This procedure is contraindicated for fractures running from anterior caudal to posterior cranial. Odontoid fractures are generally rare and account for approximately 15 of all cervical fractures 1,2,3.In young patients, these fractures are usually secondary to high energy trauma, with motor vehicle accidents being responsible for the majority of odontoid injuries 1,2,4. These tests are conducted to examine and evaluate the behavior, susceptibility, and extent of resistance of certain materials to sharp-notch tension, tear, axial fatigue, strain-controlled fatigue, surface crack tension, creep crack, and residual strain. ASTM's fatigue and fracture standards provide the appropriate procedures for carrying out fatigue, fracture, and other related tests on specified materials. Odontoid fractures are classified into three types according to the fracture site: Type I: the fracture line traverses the odontoid tip above the transverse ligament, type II: the fracture line traverses the odontoid base (the most common type), and type III: fracture includes the body of C 2.
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